ABSTRACT
The objective was to investigate the relationships between body mass index (BMI), skipping breakfast, and breakfast patterns in Brazilian adults. We analyzed data of 21,003 individuals aged between 20 to 59 from the Brazilian National Dietary Survey 2008-2009. Breakfast was defined as the eating occasion between 5 and 10a.m. with the highest usual food consumption (exceeding 50Kcal/209.2kJ). Dietary patterns were derived by the factor analysis of 18 food groups (usual intake). Controlling for confounders linear regressions of BMI were used to verify the associations considering the survey design. Skipping breakfast was not associated with BMI. Three breakfast patterns were observed (48% variability): Brazilian Northern (positive loading for meats, preparations with corn, eggs, tubers/roots/potatoes, dairy products, savory snacks/crackers, fruit juices/fruit drinks/soy-based drinks); Western (positive for fruit juices/fruit drinks/soy-based drinks, sandwiches/pizza, baked/deep-fried snacks, chocolate/desserts, cakes/cookies) and Brazilian Southeastern (cold cut meat, milk, cheese, coffee/tea, bread). The Brazilian Southeastern pattern was inversely associated with BMI, while the Brazilian Northern pattern was directly associated with it. Therefore, the results suggest a role for breakfast quality in the association with BMI. Thus, a Brazilian Southeastern breakfast usual intake may be inversely associated with BMI.
O estudo teve como objetivo investigar as relações entre o índice de massa corporal (IMC), o fato de deixar de tomar o café da manhã e os padrões alimentares do café da manhã dos adultos brasileiros. Analisamos os dados de 21.003 brasileiros entre 20 e 59 anos de idade, entrevistados na Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação 2008-2009. O café da manhã foi definido como a ocasião de maior consumo usual de alimentos (superior a 50Kcal/209,2kJ) entre 5 e 10 da manhã. Os padrões alimentares foram derivados pela análise fatorial de 18 grupos alimentares (consumo usual). Regressões lineares foram usadas para verificar as associações da realização do café da manhã e dos padrões de café da manhã com o IMC, levando em conta o delineamento do inquérito. Não tomar o café da manhã não teve associação com IMC. Foram observados três padrões para o café da manhã (48% de variabilidade): Norte brasileiro (carga positiva para carnes, pratos feitos com milho, ovos, tubérculos/raízes/batatas, laticínios, salgadinhos/bolachas, sucos/bebidas de fruta/bebidas com soja); Ocidental (carga positiva para sucos/bebidas de fruta/bebidas com soja; sanduiches/pizza, salgados assados/fritos, chocolate/sobremesas, bolo/biscoitos) e Sudeste brasileiro (embutidos, leite, queijo, café/chá, pão). O padrão do Sudeste brasileiro esteve inversamente associado ao IMC, enquanto o padrão do Norte brasileiro diretamente associado. Os resultados sugerem um possível papel para a qualidade do café da manhã na associação com o IMC. Assim, um consumo usual de café da manhã típico do Sudeste brasileiro pode estar associado inversamente ao IMC.
El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar las relaciones entre el índice de masa corporal (IMC), saltarse el desayuno, y los patrones de desayuno en adultos brasileños. Analizamos los datos de 21.003 personas, con una edad comprendida entre los 20 a los 59 años, procedentes de la Encuesta Nacional de Alimentación 2008-2009. El desayuno fue definido como la comida entre las 5 y las 10a.m., con el consumo más elevado de alimentos (excediendo 50Kcal/209,2kJ). Los patrones dietéticos procedieron del análisis de 18 grupos de alimentos (de consumo habitual). Se utilizaron regresiones lineales para analizar las asociaciones de los patrones de desayno y el IMC, considerando factores de confusión y el diseño de la encuesta. Saltarse el desayuno no estuvo asociado con el IMC. Se observaron tres patrones de desayuno (un 48% variabilidad): el del Norte brasileño (con una carga positiva en carnes, preparados con maíz, huevos, tubérculos/raíces/patatas, productos lácteos, aperitivos salados/galletas saladas, zumos de fruta/bebidas de fruta/bebidas a base de soja); el Occidental (positivo en zumos de frutas/bebidas de fruta/bebidas a base de soja, sándwiches/pizza, aperitivos horneados/fritos, chocolate/postres, pasteles/galletas) y el de la zona del Sudeste brasileño (embutidos, leche, queso, café/té, pan). Los patrones del Sudeste brasileño estuvieron inversamente asociados con el IMC, mientras que los patrones del Norte brasileño estuvieron directamente asociados con él. Por lo tanto, los resultados sugieren un papel importante respecto a la calidad del desayuno en su asociación con el IMC. Por este motivo, el consumo habitual de alimentos del desayuno del Sudeste brasileño puede estar inversamente asociado al IMC.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Body Mass Index , Breakfast/physiology , Brazil , Energy Intake , Logistic Models , Diet Surveys/methods , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Feeding BehaviorABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objectives Western dietary pattern predisposes to weight gain, insulin resistance and cardiometabolic diseases. Promoting satiety via modifications in diet composition could be useful to fight weight gain. Mediterranean diet which is recognized to be cardioprotective contains high fiber and unsaturated fat contents. We compared the effects of distinct breakfast patterns on satiety of individuals at cardiometabolic risk, and examined the correlation of satiety level after each breakfast intervention period with glucose parameters. Materials and methods In this 10-week cross-over clinical trial, 54 individuals with weight excess were submitted to 2 types of 4-week isocaloric breakfasts (2-week washout), one typically Brazilian and a modified one, differing concerning fiber and types of fatty acids contents. Clinical data were collected before and after each breakfast. A satiety scale was applied at fasting and 10, 30 and 120’ after breakfast consumption. Repeated measures ANOVA, Student t test or non-parametric correspondents were used; correlations were tested by Pearson or Spearman coefficients. Results Anthropometric variations after breakfasts were not significant. Only after the modified breakfast, reduction in blood pressure levels was observed. The satiety level did not show significant variation across each period or between the breakfasts. Non-significant correlation between satiety and glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR values after each intervention period was observed. Conclusion We conclude that different breakfast compositions do not alter satiety level, which is not correlated to glucose parameters in overweight individuals. Stronger modifications of daily meals might be necessary to differentiate satiety levels under distinct dietary patterns.